2024届高考英语二轮专题热点集训:专题2 代词和介词
专题二
代词和介词
【命题趋势探秘】
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趋势 【高频考点聚焦】
◇考点1不定代词
【基础知识梳理】
不定代词即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词形容词的形容词的some-, any-, no- every-与-body, -one, -thing构成:someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, none, nobody, nothing, everyone, everybody, everything 主语、宾语、表语、补足语等
兼作形容词的all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, a few, a little, both, enough, every等多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China我们惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。(教材例句)
The government wanted to make Microsoft into two companies so that neither of them was so strong nor so rich.政府想把微软公司分成两个公司,这样一来这两家公司就都不够强大或富有。 (教材例句)
2. none, nothing, nobody/no one的用法
none 指人或物,其用法相当于no+前述名词,回答how many, how much的提问;可接of短语
nothing 指物,表示“什么东西都没有”,可回答what的提问;不能接of短语
no one/ nobody 指人,表示“一个人也没有”,可回答who的提问;不能接of短语
—If you don't mind, may I ask you how much money you have? 如果你不介意,请问你有多少钱?
—Well, to be honest, I have none. 哦,说老实话,我没钱(教材例句)
Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.她一旦下了决心,就什么也不能使她改变。(教材例句)
It was a prison from which no one escaped.那是一座任何人逃不出去的监狱。…not。如:
注:any可单独使用,而every不能单独使用,只能作定语。
Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer any of them.詹妮被询问了很多问题,但她一个也没回答。(高考例句)
Not every exercise is difficult.不是每个练习都很难。
4.other,another,the other,others,the others
other是形容词,不能单独使用,必须与名词连用,或用the other(s), others;
another=an+other,表示没有具体限定的、泛指的“另外一个”,用another(+单数名词/+
数词+复数名词);
the other:表示有具体限定的两者中的“另外那个/那些”,用the other(+单/复数名词);
others相当于“other+复数名词”,表示泛指其他的/别的人或物;
the others相当于the other+复数名词,表示有具体范围限定的“其他的人或物”。
如:
Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.如今,有些人选择工作时考虑的除了钱,还有其他原因。(高考例句) Now let’s move on to another topic. Do you follow me?现在我们换一个话题吧。你听明白了吗?(高考例句)
They had to use actors for the other three members of the band.他们只好用演员来代替这个乐队另外三个人。(教材例句)
They were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also climb trees. 他们惊讶地发现,这些恐龙不仅能像其他恐龙那样奔跑,还会上树。(教材例句)
5.全部否定与部分否定
all, both, everybody, everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;
none, neither, no one, nobody, nothing, not…any以及“no+名词”表示全部否定;
当表示全部肯定的句子中出现了not时,不管not在这些代词之前(not all/both/everybody,etc)还是在谓语动词(包括be动词)部分(all/both/everybody…not),都是表示部分否定;另外,not与总括性的副词如always, wholly, altogether, everywhere等连用时也表示部分否定。如:
The smile does not always means that we are truly happy, however.微笑并不总是意味着我们真的很快乐。(教材例句)
Not all cultures use the handshake, and people in many Asian cultures do not always touch another person. 并非所有的文化都是用握手进行寒暄,很多亚洲国家的文化里,人们不经常有肌肤的接触。(教材例句)
6. many, much, a little, little, a few, few
many much a little, little a few few
加复数名词 加不可数名词 加不可数名词,表示“多” ,肯定含义 加不可数名词,表示“少” ,否定含义 加复数名词,表示“多”,肯定含义 加复数名词,表示“少”,否定含义
如:
The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I had stayed in many worse hotels. 这家旅馆不算特别好,但我住过很多比这更糟糕的旅馆。 (高考例句)
At the library Wang Peng was surprised to find that his restaurant served far too much fat and Yong Hui’s far too little.在图书馆王鹏惊讶地发现,他的餐馆的菜肴脂肪太多,而雍辉的餐馆的菜肴脂肪太少。(教材例句)
I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I went there several years ago.我对意大利有些了解,因为我跟妻子几年前去过那里。(高考例句)
【核心考点讲练】
1.复合不定代词的用法
复合不定代词包括something, someone, somebody; anything, anyone, anybody; nothing; no one, nobody。它们在句中可作主语或表语,不能作定语。使用复合不定代词要注意下面几点:
1)与some和any的区别一样,some构成的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句,any构成的复合不定代词一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件句;在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的疑问句中通常用some构成的复合不定代词,表示希望得到肯定回答;any构成的复合不定代词也可以用于肯定句An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. 观点是人们认为是真的,但没有得到证实的东西。(教材例句)
2)由any、some、no、every与one、body构成的不定代词,都是第三人称指人,没有性别区别,作主语时谓语一般用单数形式,相应的人称代词和物主代词可用第三人称单数的he or she, him or her, his or her等,第三人称复数的代词及变化是they, them, their等,一般多用he, him, his等。如:
Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story. 听了她的感人故事之后,大家都深受感触,不知说什么。(高考例句)
His efforts to raise money for his program were in vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.他想为自己的项目捐款的努力是白费力,因为谁也不想从自己口袋里掏一分钱。 (高考例句)
3. 由any、some、no、every与thing构成的不定代词作主语时谓语只能用单数,相应的人称代词只能用it指物。如:
Everything is ready, isn’t it?一切都准备好了,是吧?
4.-one和-body构成的复合不定代词anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,后面不能接of短语;若要指物或接表示范围的Every one of the windows was broken. 每个窗户都是破的。
He shook hands with every one of the students. 他与每个学生握手。
仅仅只不过绝对不 something of 达到某种程度重要人物 不重要人小人物的
or something或诸如此类的事物for nothing 不要钱免费
The hotel was anything but satisfactory. 这家旅馆太不让人满意了He is a scientist or something.他大概是科学家之类的人物。
【典例1】(2024·福建)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but
contained any useful suggestions.
A. all B. none C. either D. neither
答案D
解题思路
句意:研究小组写出了以调查为基础的两篇,但是两篇都没有包含一些有用的信息。根据题干关键词two reports和but判断是“两个都没有”。All指三个以上(含三个)的都;none一个没有,一点也没有;either两个中的任何一个;neither两个都没有。故选D。
【典例2】(2024·江西)—When shall I call , in the morning or afternoon?
—___. I’ll be in all day.
A. Any
B. None
C. Neither
D. Either
解析:句意:——我什么时候打电话呢?在上午还是下午?——都可以,我一天都在家。说话人说一天都在家,因此这里表示前面提到的两个时间段的任何一个都可以,用either表示肯定含义的“两者中的任何一个”,因此选D。
答案:D
【技巧点拨】几组不定代词的用法
1)all, every与each
Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets had sold out.玛丽午饭的时候去售票处,但所有的票都卖完了。(高考例句)
The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.每年夏季这里的海边都吸引很多游客。(高考例句)
(2)all和each可单独使用,也可接名词,接of短语,而every是形容词,必须接单数可数名词,不能单独使用,也不能接of短语。
(3)each指两者及以上的“每个”,every指三者及以上的“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each。
2)nobody, no one与none的用法Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour.在简之前没有谁完全了解黑猩猩的行为。 (教材例句)
Most of my new classmates are kind, but none is so good to me as Bruce.我的那些新同学大多很友善,但他们都不如布鲁斯对我好。(高考例句)
◇考点2 it的用法
【基础知识梳理】
高考试题对it的考查一般出现在单项填空、语法填空和短文改错中,涉及it的各种用法,包括it指时间、天气、距离等,及it作形式主语、形式宾语,以及it的相关句型,考查it的基本用法以及各种从句与it句式的交叉点和易混点。
【核心考点讲练】
1.it用来指代事物或人
用法 例句
代替前面已提到的事物,以避免重复 In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than it used to be.在我看来,21世纪的生活比以前更容易一些。(高考例句)
指代动植物、不明身份或性别不详的人、婴儿。若指已知的或身份明确的人,则视情况用he或she Someone must have been here, though we have no idea who it was.肯定有人来过这儿,尽管我们不知道是谁。
The Smiths got a baby and it is lovely.史密斯家生了个孩子,很可爱。
用于指上文提到的情况,起this或that的作用 It’s a good habit for you to keep a diary. It can help you remember past events.写日记对你来说是一个好习惯。它可以帮你记住一些过去发生的事件。(教材例句)
用作主语或宾语,指代时间、季节、距离、天气、自然现象、环境等 It is twelve o’clock now, and it’s still raining heavily.现在已经中午12点了,可是还在下着大雨。
It’s very quiet here in the garden.花园里很安静。
用于某些习语:make it及时赶到;成功;catch it被责骂,受处罚 You can make it if you hurry.如果你赶忙,还可以赶到。
注:it指物与one的区别:两者都可代替前面提到的事物,it指的是前面已提到的事物本身,此时it等于“the/this/that/my,…+名词”;one指的是与前面提到的事物为同一类,相当于“a/an+名词”。如:
I’ve lost my pen. I haven’t found it and will have to buy one.我的钢笔丢了,没找到,我得再买一枝。
2.it用作形式主语和形式宾语
用法 例句
形式主语 ①当不定式、动词-ing形式或从句作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,通常在句首使用it作形式主语,把真正的主语放在句尾。 It is none of your business what other people think about you.别人怎么看你,这跟你没关系。(高考例句)
②it用作动词look, appear, seem,happen, occur, follow等的主语(后接that或as if从句)。 It looks like the weather is changing for the worse.看来天气越来越坏。(高考例句)
③当系表结构后接有if或when引导状语从句时,通常在系表结构前用形式主语it表示说话人对某情况的看法。 It would be great if you could do me a favor.你要是能帮我个忙就太好了。
④it用于其他固定句型,如if it were not for…(要不是因为……), it’s time that…(该……了)等。
形式宾语 ①用在“动词+it+宾补+不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句”中(常见动词:think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等:宾补为形容词或名词)。 He has made it a rule to set aside half an hour every day for some exercise.他习惯了每天锻炼半小时。
I found it surprising that most employees were absent.我惊讶地发现,大多数员工都不在场。
②介词后面不能直接跟that从句作宾语,此时就在介词后面用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在句尾。 You may depend on it that he’ll turn up in time.你可以相信他会按时赶到的。
We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident.多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。’s attention that; owe it to sb. that; leave it to sb. that; take it for granted that; keep it in mind that等。 I owe it to you that I finished all my work on time.多亏有你我才及时完成了工作。
3.it用于强调结构it be…that:it is (was) +强调部分+that / who+其他(题干是现在时就用it is…that,题干为过去时则用it was…that。
如:It was my brother who/that telephoned me yesterday. 昨天是我弟弟给我打来电话。
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began. 直到1920年无线电广播节目才开始定期播出。
强调句的疑问句:
1)一般疑问句:Is/Was it…that…?如:
Was it in this room that the meeting was held?会议是在这个房间召开的吗?
2)特殊疑问句:用疑问词What/Who/Where/How/When等+is/was it that?如:
Where was it that the meeting was held?会议是在哪个房间召开的?
【典例1】(2024·山东)Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
A. that
B. this
C. it
D. her
解析:句意:苏珊清楚地跟我表明,她希望为自己创造新的生活。分析句子结构可以看出,谓语made后面接了that引导的宾语从句以及宾语补足语clear,为保持句子结构的平衡,这里将宾语从句放在了句尾,因此本空需要代词it作形式宾语,因此选C’d appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
A. it
B. you
C. one
D. this
解析:句意:如果你能提前让我知道你是否会来,我将十分感激。I’d appreciate it if...是固定appreciate需要宾语,因此这里用itake it easy.不要紧张。make it.你能行。