牛津实用英语语法:255 不定式的完成式
A 形式
to have+过去分词：
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should， would， might和 could一起构成条件完成时
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务，或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成：
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式，而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用，表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性：
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒：
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didnt tell me.
他没告诉我，我很不高兴。
7 与may/might连用，表示推想发生在过去的动作：
He may/might have left.相当于：
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与cant/couldnt连用表示否定的推论
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it，because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与neednt连用表示过去不必要的行为
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear，happen，pretend，seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别：不定式的一般式：
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seems that he is
我们的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seemed that he was
那时我们的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式：
He seems to have been
他看来曾经是相当于：
It seems that he was
我们的印象是他曾经是
He seemed to have been
那时看来他曾经是相当于：
It seemed that he had been
那时我们的印象是他曾经是
这就是说，不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作，它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如：
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于：
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于：
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用： acknowledge， believe， consider，find，know，report，say， suppose，think， understand：
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。
3 不定式的完成式可与claim，expect，hope，promise连用，但不那么常见：
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于：
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
A 形式
to have+过去分词：
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should， would， might和 could一起构成条件完成时
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务，或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成：
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式，而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用，表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性：
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒：
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didnt tell me.
他没告诉我，我很不高兴。
7 与may/might连用，表示推想发生在过去的动作：
He may/might have left.相当于：
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与cant/couldnt连用表示否定的推论
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it，because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与neednt连用表示过去不必要的行为
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear，happen，pretend，seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别：不定式的一般式：
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seems that he is
我们的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seemed that he was
那时我们的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式：
He seems to have been
他看来曾经是相当于：
It seems that he was
我们的印象是他曾经是
He seemed to have been
那时看来他曾经是相当于：
It seemed that he had been
那时我们的印象是他曾经是
这就是说，不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作，它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如：
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于：
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于：
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用： acknowledge， believe， consider，find，know，report，say， suppose，think， understand：
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。
3 不定式的完成式可与claim，expect，hope，promise连用，但不那么常见：
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于：
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
