2024同步攻关高考英语一轮复习学案:语法部分 第7讲 非谓语动词

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2024同步攻关高考英语一轮复习学案:语法部分 第7讲 非谓语动词

  第7讲 非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”,所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。

  一、不定式和动名词作主语

  【例句观察】

  吸烟在这儿是禁止的。

  Smoking is prohibited here.

  (抽象)

  吸烟太多对你不好。

  It is not very good for you to smoke so much.

  (具体)

  【结论1】动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作, 而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

  【例句观察】

  Working in these conditions is not easy. (一般式)

  在这样的条件下工作不容易。

  Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job. (完成式)

  学过电脑是获得这份工作的重要条件。

  Their not being served by the waiter added to their anger. (被动式,Their不可用They和Them,not在doing前)

  没有被服务增添了他们的愤怒。

  【结论2】动名词和不定式作主语除了一般式和主动式,还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。

  【完成例句】

  (1)他的到来将会是很大的帮助。

  His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)

  (2) Jack的突然消失使他们很担忧。

  Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)

  【结论3】当动名词带逻辑主语时,只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,不可以用人称代词主格和宾格,也不可以用名词的普通格。

  【完成例句】

  (3)我觉得他一个人是不可能做那份工作的。

  I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

  (4)他那样做是理智的。

  It was wise of him to do that.

  【结论4】It's +adj.

  / n. for / of sb. to do sth.

  在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语,否则用for。

  【翻译句子】

  (5)哭是没有用的。

  It is no use / good crying.

  【结论5】It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time)+ doing sth.

  二、不定式和动名词作宾语

  【例句观察】

  你介意我看下你的报纸吗?

  Do you mind my / me reading your paper?

  她不喜欢Mary那样说话。

  She doesn't like Mary

  / Mary's talking that way.

  【结论1】动名词作宾语时,可以带逻辑主语。此时,带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格,也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。

  【例句观察】

  I regret not having taken her advice. (not须放在having前)我很后悔没有采纳她的建议。

  They couldn't stand being treated like that.

  他们不能忍受被那样对待。

  He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.

  他决定帮助我但是我假装已经完成我的工作了。

  【结论2】作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式,还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。

  常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下:(利用口诀进行记忆,事实上,口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式,几乎都有将来意味。建议考生要记牢口诀。

  想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim,would like / love, desire, swear

  早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange

  同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford

  问问看 ask, beg,(ask to do 要求做…)

  决定了 decide, determine / be determined, make up one's mind

  尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive

  别装蒜 pretend

  介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语: admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear(忍受),envy,can't help(不禁),delay,escape, can't stand(受不了),deny,excuse(借口),consider(考虑),fancy,mind,miss(错过),mention, finish,pardon,resist,forgive,imagine,risk,practise,suggest(建议),keep,quit,put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set

  about, burst out, be / get / become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。

  例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

  He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.

  【完成例句】

  (6)你要听话好好待在家里。

  You would be well advised to stay indoors.

  (7)老师建议采取不同的方法。

  The teacher advised taking a different approach.

  【结论3】动词advise / allow / permit / forbid后跟doing,也可跟sb. to do。

  【完成例句】

  (8)路被落叶覆盖住了,它们需要被清理。

  The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed.

  【结论4】need, require, want, deserve +doing

  / to be done表示被动意义。

  【翻译句子】

  (9) I forgot buying a pen for him yesterday, and returned home directly.

  昨天我忘记给他买笔,而是直接回家了。

  (10) Thank you for reminding me,or I forget to post my letter.

  非常感谢你提醒我,否则我就会忘记去寄信的。

  【结论5】①有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别:

  forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)

  forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)

  stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一

  件事

  stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

  remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)

  remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

  regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词

  say, tell, inform等)

  regret doing对做过的事后悔

  try to do努力、企图做某事

  try doing试验、试一试某种办法

  mean to do打算,有意要……

  mean doing意味着

  go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)

  go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)

  propose to do 打算(要做某事)

  propose doing建议(做某事)

  ②like

  / love / hate /

  prefer +to do表示具体行为;+doing sth. 表示抽象、倾向概念。

  如果这几个动词前有should / would,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。

  Don't you remember seeing the man before?

  You must remember to leave tomorrow.  

  I should like to see him tomorrow.

  【注意】不定式和动名词作宾语时还有一些固定句型:

  There is no use (good / point / sense / harm)+doing sth. 做某事没用(不好 / 没意义 / 没害处)

  have difficulty

  / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun + (in)+doing

  spend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth.

  There is no + doing…(there is no 表“不可能”)

  【疑难1】

  I think you'll grow to like him when you know him better.

  【疑难剖析1】come / become / grow /

  get to like / love / realize /

  understand

  / know等表示心理活动的过程,意为“渐渐地喜欢上 / 意识到 / 懂了 / 知道了……”

  【疑难2】

  Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

  The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

  【疑难剖析2】do / did / does+nothing/anything/everything but(except)+动词原形,如果谓语动词不是do / did / does,but(except),所跟的不定式须带to。

  【疑难3】

  When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

  【疑难剖析3】can not (help / choose)but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice / alternative to do表示“不得不”。

  【疑难4】

  Why not take a holiday?

  【疑难剖析4】“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:“为什么不……?”“干嘛不……?”

  【疑难5】

  You had better have your eyes examined.

  【疑难剖析5】“would rather / had better+(not)+动词原形”意为“宁愿 / 最好(不)做某事”。

  【疑难6】

  We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.

  I don't mind there being a chair here.

  There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.

  【疑难剖析6】there be的非谓语形式:

  作动词expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate宾语时,通常用there to be结构,在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。

  【疑难7】

  John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.

  — Hasn't he finished writing the report? 

  — No, but he ought to have.

  — Aren't you the headmaster?

  — No, and I don't want to be.

  【疑难剖析7】为避免重复,在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时,常出现单独使用的to,而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时,要保留这些词。

  三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语

  【完成例句】

  (11)我的建议是马上开始工作。

  What I would suggest is to start work at once.

  (12)他的爱好是集邮。

  His hobby is collecting stamps.

  【结论1】不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。

  【完成例句】

  (13)旅行很有趣但有些累。

  Travelling is

  interesting but tiring.

  (14)学生被迫学得太多会混乱的。

  The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.

  【结论2】表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时,表示“令人……的”;interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”。

  【完成例句】

  (15)工人们被告知他们按小时计酬。

  What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.

  【结论3】除be done外, get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated / hidden,get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。

  【完成例句】

  (16)他一直沉迷于电脑游戏,所以他得不了好成绩。

  He was addicted to computer games, so he couldn't get good marks.

  【结论4】下列be done表示所处的状态

  be addicted to…沉迷于……

  be absorbed in…全神贯注于

  be aimed at…旨在 / 意图……

  be armed with… 有……装备

  be buried in…埋葬在……

  be based on / upon…以……为基础

  be born…出生于……

  be burdened with…担负着

  be crowded with…挤满了……

  be covered with / by…覆盖着

  be coated with…涂抹了……

  be combined with…与……联合

  be compared with…与……相比较

  be caught in… 陷入……

  be lost in…沉迷于……

  be concerned about…关心……

  be dressed in…穿着……

  be devoted to…专心致志于……

  be divided into分成

  be engaged in…忙于……

  be engaged to sb. 与……订婚

  be fixed on…专注于……

  be faced with…面临着……

  be filled with…装满了……

  be greeted with…受到了……问候

  be grown up 已经长大了

  be hidden in…躲在……

  be linked to …与……有关

  be paved with…铺着……

  be loaded with…载有……

  be located in…位于……

  be matched 很般配

  be mistaken 弄错了

  be replaced with…更换为……

  be related to / with…与……有关

  be seated 坐着

  be married(to sb. )与某人结婚了

  be separated from…与……隔开

  be shouldered with…肩负着……

  be stationed in…驻扎在……

  be surrounded with / by…四周环绕着……

  be supposed to do…应该做……

  be recovered from …从……中康复

  be connected with…与……相连 / 有关

  be made of / from / up of由……制成 / 组成

  be designed / meant / intended for…专为……而设计

  be known as / for / to…以……著称 / 因……著名 / 为……所知

  四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语

  【完成例句】

  (17)我遗憾地告诉你还有东西没解决。

  I regret to tell you that there is something unsolved.

  (18)水被工厂污染应该受到批评。

  The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.

  【结论1】单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前,但修饰不定代词时在代词后;非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后。