2024年山东省高考英语二轮复习:专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语

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2024年山东省高考英语二轮复习:专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语

  2024年高考第二轮复习英语山东版

  四、介词和介词短语

  真题试做

  1.(2011山东高考,30)I'm sorry I didn't phone you,but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.

  A.beyond B.with

  C.among

  D.over

  2.(2009山东高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot ______ easy reach.

  A.near

  B.upon

  C.within

  D.around

  考向分析

  1.考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。

  2.考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。

  3.考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。

  热点例析

  考点一:表示时间的介词

  1.in,on,at,over

  (1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:

  in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one's thirties等。

  (2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:

  on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。

  (3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:

  at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。

  (4)over后面接一段时间,表示“超过……”或“在……期间”。 如:

  David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.

  (5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如:

  He went to Japan last year.

  We meet every day.

  2.in,after

  (1)“in+一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如:

  My mother will come back in three or four days.

  (2)“after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如:

  He arrived after five months.

  (3)“after+具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如:

  She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.

  The rain began to fall after seven.

  3.from,since,for

  (1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如:

  I hope to do morning exercises from today.

  (2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:

  We have not seen each other since 2010.

  (3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如:

  I have been

  in the army for 5 years.

  【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show ______ Christmas Eve.

  A.at 

  B.on

  C.in

  D.by

  答案为B项。具体的日期前介词应用on。

  They had a pleasant chat ______ a cup of coffee.

  A.for

  B.with

  C.during

  D.over

  答案为D项。for和during都有“在……期间”之意,但后面通常接时间;with意为“随着,用”;over意为“在(做)……期间,边……边……”。句意:他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。

  考点二:表示地点方位的介词

  1.at,in,on,to

  (1)at表示在小地方或“在……附近;在……旁边”。 如:

  He arrived at the station at ten.

  He is sitting at the desk.

  (2)in表示在大地方或“在……范围之内”。 如:

  He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

  Shandong lies in the east of China.

  (3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如:

  Russia lies on the north of China.

  (4)to表示“在……范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如:

  Japan is to the east of China.

  2.above,over,on

  (1)above意为“在……上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。如:

  The bird is flying above my head.

  (2)over意为“在……之上”,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:

  There is a bridge over the river.

  (3)on意为“在……之上”,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如:

  He put his watch on the desk.

  3.below,under

  (1)below表示“在……之下”,不一定在正下方。如:

  Please write your name below the line.

  (2)under表示“在……正下方”。 如:

  There is a cat under the table.

  【典例分析】 (2024辽宁高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place

  ______ the main road at the far end of the lake.

  A.to

  B.for

  C.off

  D.out

  答案为C项。句意:威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离主干道的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开,在……之外”。

  考点三:表示运动方向的介词

  1.across,through

  (1)across表示从物体表面穿过,与on有关。如:

  across the playground/square/desert/river

  (2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如:

  He jumped over the wall.

  (3)through表示从物体里面穿过,与in有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了……”。如:

  through the pipe/forest/door

  We work hard all through the year.

  2.in,into

  (1)in通常表示静态,意为“在……里面”。如:

  We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。

  (2)into通常表示动态,意为“进入到……里面”。如:

  We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。

  【典例分析】 (2024北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?

  A.at

  B.on

  C.to

  D.across

  答案为D项。句意:你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧? across意为“横跨,在(身体某部位)上”。

  考点四:表示原因的介词

  1.for表示原因时,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:

  I am sorry for what I said to you.

  2.at表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用,意为“因听到或看到……而……”。如:

  He was surprised at the news.

  3.from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如:

  He died from the wound.

  4.of多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如:

  The old man died of hunger.

  5.with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如:

  Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.

  He was shaking with anger.

  6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如:

  She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。

  7.over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:

  She wept over the death of her daughter.

  We laughed over the victory.

  8.because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:

  He retired last month because of his illness.

  9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏……,多亏……”。如:

  Thanks to John,we won the game.

  【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced ______ joy.

  A.to

  B.with

  C.at

  D.of

  答案为B项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时,一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。

  (2024河北保定调研,13)—How about your trip to Italy?

  —Oh,______ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.

  A.but for

  B.thanks to

  C.in spite of

  D.because of

  答案为B项。句意:——你到意大利的旅行怎么样? ——哦,幸亏天气好,我们玩得很愉快。B项意为“幸亏,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是……”;in spite of表示“尽管……”;because of表示“因为……”,都与句意不符。

  考点五:表示计量的介词

  1.at表示“以……速度;以……价格”。如:

  It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.

  I sold my car at a high price.

  2.for表示“用……交换;以……为代价”。如:

  He sold his car for 500 dollars.

  注意:at表示单价,for表示总钱数。

  3.by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如:

  They paid him by the month.

  注意:by后接具体度量单位要加the。

  【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth ______ little value and let me have it ______ only one dollar.

  A.with;for

  B.of;for

  C.of;by

  D.with;by

  答案为B项。第一个空应用of,of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”;第二个空应用for,表示“以一美元为代价,用一美元交换”。

  考点六:表示工具或手段的介词

  1.by意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如:

  I went there by bus.

  2.with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如:

  He broke the window with a stone.

  3.in表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如:

  I hate letters written in pencil.

  We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.

  4.on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。如:

  They talked on the telephone.

  She learns English on the radio/on TV.

  【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form ______ ink not ______ a pencil,Jack.

  A.in;by

  B.with;in

  C.in;with

  D.by;in

  答案为C项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”;第二个空应用with表示“用……工具”,后面的名词带有冠词。

  考点七:表示“在……之间”的介词

  1.between表示在两者之间。如:

  You are to sit between your father and me.

  2.among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如:

  He is always happy among his classmates.

  3.有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如:

  Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.

  Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.

  【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.

  A.among

  B.between

  C.along

  D.beside

  答案为A项。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整体,所以选among意为“在……之中”。

  考点八:表示“除了”的介词

  1.besides表示“除……之外,还有……”。如:

  We all went to see the film besides you.

  除你之外我们也都去看电影了。

  2.except表示“除……外,把……除去”。 如:

  We all went to see the film except you.

  除你之外我们都去看电影了。

  3.but与except同义,但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如:

  I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.

  4.except for表示“如无……就……,只是……”,多表明理由细节。如:

  His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

  5.except that表示“除……外,把……除去”,后面接句子。如:

  I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.

  6.apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含义,又有except和except for的含义,要根据上下文来判别。如:

  Apart from/Besides English,he has a good command of Russian and French.

  He has no interests,apart from/except his work.

  It's a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.

  【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.

  A.for

  B.except

  C.besides

  D.with

  答案为C项。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides表示“除……之外,还有……”;except表示“除……外,把……除去”。

  (2024济南一中期末,23)______ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.

  A.Far from

  B.Regardless of

  C.Instead of

  D.Apart from

  答案为D项。far from意为“远离,远非”;apart from意为“除……以外”;instead of意为“代替,而不是”;regardless of意为“不管,不顾”。句意:除了优质的服务外,这个饭店提供了不同种类的传统鲁菜。

  考点九:介词与某些词类的习惯搭配

  1.介词和名词搭配时的习惯用法

  (1)名词+in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。

  (2)名词+to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。

  (3)名词+on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。

  (4)名词+with:bargain/chat/common/connection/conversation/talk等。

  2.介词和形容词搭配时的习惯用法

  (1)与of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。